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(4) Sealed 21": Funk Audio UH-21v1


SME

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I got a chance to place an early order for four of the upcoming Funk Audio UH-21v1 drivers.  This driver is an underhung design, similar to the Focusworks GUJ18V1 and GUJ21V1 drivers, but it uses the magnet structure from the TSAD21v2 driver featured in the Funk Audio FW21.0 powered sub.  I requested coils with lower resistance for a better match to my choice of amp and for getting the most motor strength possible.

 

Here are some pictures of the finished product:

 

sub-finished-in-room1.jpg

 

sub-finished-in-room2.jpg

 

sub-finished-in-room3.jpg

 

 

UH-21v1 driver

 

Forgive me for my pictures are not the best.  Here is a driver undergoing inspection:

 

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My cat likes bass and sine sweeps but doesn't like dynamic movie sounds or music with horns.  Here are a couple more:

 

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The carbon fibers have a mirror like reflection when viewed from the right angle.  None of the pictures I've seen do the motor/magnet assembly justice.  It's about 10" diameter like the spider:

 

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And of course, they deserve nothing less than an SP2-12k drive them all:

 

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These are T/S specs taken by Funk Audio, using the lower DCR coil:

  • Fs: 22.32 Hz
  • Re: 4.65 ohm
  • Qms: 5.52
  • Qes: 0.235
  • Vas: 296 L
  • Mms: 590g
  • Bl: 40.4 T*m
  • Le (1 kHz): 2.93 mH

The (BL)^2/Re comes in at 350 putting it among the top brass for motor strength, approaching the Rockford Fosgate TS3-19 and the B&C IPAL-21.  It appears to have a more compliant suspension than either of these, which aids low frequency efficiency in medium to large size boxes.  Compared to the TS3-19, the mass of the UH-21v1 moving assembly is lower, and the driver has greater upper frequency efficiency.  It also requires less mounting depth.  Compared to the IPAL-21, the UH-21v1 has more cone travel and a much more usable DCR.

 

I plan to install the drivers dual-opposed in two boxes with about 4-5 cuft per driver.  They will be designed to fill the spaces I have on each side of my equipment racks up front, about 40" wide, 28" deep, and 24" high.  At 4.5 cuft per driver, the Fb models at around 35 Hz and a low Qtc of around 0.4.  Each box will be run with a channel from a SpeakerPower SP2-12000 with drivers wired in parallel.   After a lot of research, these drivers appeared likely to offer the most ULF bass of any driver for the space I had to work with, and they should still be usable to frequencies well beyond 100 Hz.  They will also be insanely efficient above 20 Hz and a good fit to my room gain profile.

 

I also have an upgrade path if for some reason I find the headroom in the deep bass to be insufficient.  I can add a second SP2-12k amp and run each channel on a pair of coils in parallel for DCR of 1.25 ohm and then use frequency selective limiting to avoid over-driving them at the lowest frequencies.  I doubt I'll opt to go this direction, especially since I'm not even one to run my bass hot.  I just want as much ULF as I can get in this fairly large space, and lots of headroom for realistic high SPL peaks.  As it is, the numbers I'm looking at are quite absurd.  I can also envision moving these to horn-loaded cabinets at some point in the distant future but probably not for my living room.  :)

 

Dual-opposed Sealed Cabinets

 

Here is one of the cabinet sides attached to the bottom, with dados for the opposing front baffles, and for internal braces:

 

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Here is one of the internal braces along with one of the front baffles:

 

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Here is the inside of the cabinet, right after gluing the major panels together.  The cabinet is actually divided into separate chambers for each driver.  I'm not sure what's up with the weird camera lens flare on the left.

 

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This is with the braces installed parallel to the axis of the drivers, connecting the baffles:

 

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Here is a cabinet after patching and sanding, ready for Duratex application:

 

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Here is look at the inside of the fully finished cabinet, without the driver:

 

sub-cabinet-finished-inside.jpg

 

I also ordered hand-machined anondized aluminum trim rings from Funk.  Each piece fits the frame profile perfectly and interlocks with the adjacent pieces:

 

UH-21v1-trim-ring1.jpg

UH-21v1-trim-ring2.jpg

 

Impedance

 

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The resonance comes in at around 39 Hz and with a Qtc of 0.33.  Wow!  These things appear to be absurdly efficient.  The DCR is 4.75ish ohm, and I measured impedances of 8.5 ohm at 10 Hz and 14 ohm at 20 Hz :blink:.

 

 

Close-mic Response

 

This was measured approximately 6" from the cone, and a signal level normalized to 2V.  It should not be taken as quantitatively accurate but reveals the approximate native response shape:

 

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In-room Sensitivity

 

Here are in-room sensitivity measurements, normalized for 2V (more precisely than above) and taken at the main listening position:

 

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The sum just assumes I send each sub an identical signal.  I can likely get a bit more output in some spots with help from some phase corrections.

 

My amp is rated for 126V maximum with 240V supply, so if the subs are capable, the amp can supply the current, and there's no compression, I'll see +36 dB with full power.  (NoteAt this time, I'm running on 120V power and can probably do closer to +33 dB.)

 

The impedance is 7 ohm (for two drivers in parallel) at 20 Hz, so the amp is unlikely to have any problem at or above there.  It appears that I now possess ridiculous output capability.

 

 

Edit: Added lots more pictures.

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I got a chance to place an early order for four of the upcoming Funk Audio GUJ21V2 drivers.  This driver is an underhung design, similar to the Focusworks GUJ18V1 and GUJ21V1 drivers, but it uses the magnet structure from the TSAD21v2 driver featured in the Funk Audio FW21.0 powered sub.  I custom ordered the drivers to use the coil from the GUJV1 in order to eek out just a bit more motor performance.  I'll post final T/S specs when I get them, but I'm anticipating a (BL)^2/Re of around 400 (SI units), approaching that of the IPAL-21.  Unlike the IPAL-21, however, I get a more reasonable DCR of ~5 ohm per driver, a more compliant suspension, and more linear cone travel.

 

Edit: Nathan tells me these are to be branded as "Funk Audio" rather than "Focusworks".

 

 

A 400 motor rating with an underhung coil? Are you sure about that? Underhung drivers sacrifice some motor strength typically. That would really be something out of the ordinary.

 

Nathan you got any details?

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Cool...What's the gap overhang?

Geometric "underhang?" is 18mm, same as the GUJV1 motor. So has the same overall stroke capability but can maintain it down to lower frequencies in smaller box with less distortion.

 

Testing the first one of these, with ~5kw in ~200L box, reminded me of this scene, Loki as cone, looks like its just being thrashed, but takes it;

Hulk-vs-Loki-04.gif

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Geometric "underhang?" is 18mm, same as the GUJV1 motor. So has the same overall stroke capability but can maintain it down to lower frequencies in smaller box with less distortion.

 

Yes overhang of the gap beyond the coil. Or underhang of coil below gap depending on how it's looked at. Same as the v1 then...Cool. 

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Didn't quite use it all under 20hz, that test box was a little larger than needed but yes it took it 20hz up. Around 120-150 L is about perfect, for ~3-5kw.

 

So I guess I need to plan on that second SP2-12k?  :D  Seriously though, I expect I'll be fine without it.  I'm worried that a single SP2-12k on four of these will blow my house apart, like this guy.

 

Maintaining silence about these drivers for the last couple months has made me antsy, to say the least!  The timing for me couldn't have been better.  After a brief love affair with the IPAL-21, I had a wish list of things I wished the IPAL did differently.  This driver looks like it fits that mold very well, at least on paper.  And considering what we've seen with Ricci's measurements of a GUJV1 driver and the TSADv2 driver in the FW21.0 system, I am confident that these drivers will deliver.

 

So one design decision I must make is how far away from my equipment racks to place the side-firing cabinets.  I definitely want to avoid slot loading one of the drivers, not just because it would break the D.O. symmetry but also to ensure excursion is shared equally.  I'm thinking of allowing at least 6, maybe 7 inches of clearance, but every extra inch of clearance sacrifices internal volume, given the space I have to work with.

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So one design decision I must make is how far away from my equipment racks to place the side-firing cabinets.  I definitely want to avoid slot loading one of the drivers, not just because it would break the D.O. symmetry but also to ensure excursion is shared equally.  I'm thinking of allowing at least 6, maybe 7 inches of clearance, but every extra inch of clearance sacrifices internal volume, given the space I have to work with.

 

I modelled it beforehand but the best fit was only found after I had actual data, see http://www.avsforum.com/forum/155-diy-speakers-subs/1881217-close-mic-measurement-anomaly-what.htmlfor details

 

In retrospect, and this is perhaps not surprising, the loading is extremely sensitive to the nature (size, lossiness) of the slot. If you really want to eke out every last cc of your enclosure then build a test box of the appropriate size & measure it. 

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If you built the enclosure with panels attached on both sides in front of the drivers spaced away from the cabinet with standoffs, you would have perfectly symmetrical driver loading and you could place it tight to the wall, and also have something close to the other side as well without worry, the "slot loading" affect could be reduced by having both the front and top edges open, vs just the front

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I modelled it beforehand but the best fit was only found after I had actual data, see http://www.avsforum.com/forum/155-diy-speakers-subs/1881217-close-mic-measurement-anomaly-what.htmlfor details

 

In retrospect, and this is perhaps not surprising, the loading is extremely sensitive to the nature (size, lossiness) of the slot. If you really want to eke out every last cc of your enclosure then build a test box of the appropriate size & measure it. 

 

Interesting data.  I'm not sure the slot in your setup is necessarily lossy, just because a low Q value was needed in the bandpass model to make the frequency response appear to match your measurements.  I suppose it could be if a lot of the sound is passing through the walls and/or floor.  That's not too unusual in the mid bass.  But in any case, the slot definitely had a big impact on your response.

 

If I were to build a test box, I think I would have to build it pretty much like the final product to get a good idea of the loading effect.  So I will probably have to choose something and then see what I get.  At least I know my drivers will get more breathing room than yours do.  There's a 9" gap between the wall and where my rack cabinet side starts, so I think a lot of air will be able to escape behind the racks.

 

If you built the enclosure with panels attached on both sides in front of the drivers spaced away from the cabinet with standoffs, you would have perfectly symmetrical driver loading and you could place it tight to the wall, and also have something close to the other side as well without worry, the "slot loading" affect could be reduced by having both the front and top edges open, vs just the front

 

This is a very good idea, and I have to admit taking some inspiration from Josh Ricci's M.A.U.L. and contemplating something similar.  I gave up on the mini-M.A.U.L. idea when I realized I'd want a bigger box than I have room for.  But maybe a shaped slot on the sides is worth considering?  I wouldn't turn down a bit of boost in the 20-40 Hz range, but I'm guessing I'd have to give up too much box volume for that or I'd lose more upper bandwidth than I'd like.  I have no idea.  Maybe it's worth looking into.  I guess the closest analog is 4th order bandpass?

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So I decided to learn Hornresp and used it to try to gain some insight into slot loading effects.

 

First off, the rack cabinet is only in the way of one of the two drivers.  The other driver is open to the room, so I kind of get clearance on that side "for free", but I'd lose that free space if I slot loaded that side too.  I'm still space constrained there because the front right part of the room is actually open to the front door and foyer area.  Instead, I'm thinking of facing the drivers into a single slot in the middle.  This has the added benefit of making off-axis dispersion of bass above 100 Hz favorable and a bit easier to predict.  With the top open to the room, I may see even more upper bass directed toward the sides than the front, which is beneficial for wide coverage in a frequency area where localization begins to matter.

 

So I tried modelling some cabinets with middle slots.  I took two different approaches.  In one approach, I simply defined a single conical segment of horn with constant cross-sectional area and length equal to the slot length.  This involves ignoring a bit of whining from Hornresp because the exit area of the slot is less than the area of the drivers until it gets pretty wide.  The other approach was to treat the region of the slot between the drivers as a throat chamber whose exit just so happens to be the same area as the single conical segment of horn that it's connected to.  The length of this imaginary horn segment is much less than in the first approach because most of the slot is allocated to the throat chamber.

 

Using these two methods yielded remarkably different results.  I had hoped these two models would perform similarly.  They do not.  The features they share in common are: a decrease in box resonance frequency, a boost in sensitivity and efficiency that starts in the mid band and grows with increasing frequency up to a strong peak somewhere in the upper end of the response.  There is a corresponding impedance peak here as well.  I believe excursion is also reduced somewhat over most of the range.  Unfortunately, the location of the first peak from the slot load varied substantially depending on what modelling approach was used.  The model with the throat chamber had a much smoother top-end as well.  However, regardless of the modelling approach, I did not find a slot-load cabinet design with suitable dimensions whose first peak fell below 100 Hz.  Enhancement of output in the 20-40 Hz range was pretty poor, IIRC hitting +3 dB at 40 Hz in the best case.  I suspect my problem here is simply one of geometry.  I don't know horn theory too well yet, but I imagine I need either a longer slot length or greater exit area than I can accommodate without giving up valuable internal volume.

 

Another concern I have with slot loading, which IMO may be relevant to the M.A.U.L. is the effect of varying driver stroke on slot/horn geometry.  For example, with the driver pair facing one another and both moving with 2 inch peak-to-peak stroke, that effective width of that part of the slot (that part being almost all of it in my case) is modulated across a range of 4".  With drivers at 6-8" apart (at rest), the consequences are pretty severe.  I modelled and compared the two extremes, and the responses are totally different above 100 Hz.  This leads me to worry about inter-modulation distortion.  Even below 100 Hz, the response differs by more than a dB at 2" PTP stroke.

 

At this point, I'm leaning toward going with the original design with the drivers facing outward and hoping 6-7" is enough clearance from my racks to prevent "serious problems".  I gather I could take the time to learn Akabak and improve on the simulations for the center slot, but I don't think I'm going to gain any new useful information.  Just to make sure, I did some additional HR runs with a larger 12-14" slot to ascertain the effects on a single driver loaded into half that space, i,e, the 6-7" spacing I intend to use.  I increased the exit area somewhat to account for the top of the slot being open.  I assume the bottom and rear are closed because there is less room for air flow in those directions.

 

My simulations suggest there is still quite a bit of loading effect in the upper frequencies, but the wider slot is much less sensitive to relative cone displacement.  IIRC, mid bass varies < 1 dB with 2" PTP stroke..  This is a big plus for controlling distortion.  On top of that, only half my drivers are loaded this way, so this type of distortion should drop by half again.  The impedance curve is also much more stable through the stroke.

 

The box resonance frequency does shift slightly for a loaded driver vs. an unloaded driver, when simulated in isolation.  One consequence of this is that the motion of the drivers will not be perfectly opposed, particularly around the resonance frequencies.  What if they share the same air volume?  I don't really know.  I could try to model it with Akabak, or just try to reason through it with theory.  Or I could just seal the chambers behind them separately and not worry about it.

 

I'm not as worried about off-axis dispersion with this design either.  The driver that's loaded should have quite a bit more acoustic output than the other driver and so the dispersion won't be as narrow as I originally thought.  In fact, the slot formed with the single driver and cabinet will disperse upper bass very similarly to the middle slot.  Additionally, the direct upper bass sound from the driver on the outside face will likely be weaker on the opposite side of the room due to baffle diffraction effects.  I may yet get a favorable dispersion pattern.  Or I'm just waving my arms around and hoping something good will happen.

 

Even if it doesn't, the 100-200 Hz capability is more of a "nice to have feature".  The real purpose of these subs is the deep bass and ULF.  I am on a suspended floor, so why not play as low as possible?  Basically, I'll get as much if not more output at 5 Hz than at 10 Hz, based on my signal chain and room gain measurements.  Unfortunately, I'm not especially confident in my room gain measurements in an absolute sense.  After thinking about it, I realized room gain is very tricky to measure correctly in an absolute sense, contrary to what Bossobass Dave and others may suggest.  Actually, it's rather tricky to even define as seating distance comes into play.  But anyway, from the data I have, I think 110 dB @ 5-10 Hz at the seats is a reasonable expectation, and I could end up with more like 115 dB.  We'll see.

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The drivers facing each other version sounds like the way a PPSL is modelled. AIUI this is generally described as an OD so S1-S2 forming the rear of the slot and S2-S3 the front of it. This means you'd set S1-3 to some constant value according to the area of the slot and set the lengths accordingly, set to a sealed back chamber and use Vrc/Lrc as usual to define the size of it.

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The features they share in common are: a decrease in box resonance frequency, a boost in sensitivity and efficiency that starts in the mid band and grows with increasing frequency up to a strong peak somewhere in the upper end of the response.  There is a corresponding impedance peak here as well.  I believe excursion is also reduced somewhat over most of the range.  Unfortunately, the location of the first peak from the slot load varied substantially depending on what modelling approach was used.  The model with the throat chamber had a much smoother top-end as well.  However, regardless of the modelling approach, I did not find a slot-load cabinet design with suitable dimensions whose first peak fell below 100 Hz.  Enhancement of output in the 20-40 Hz range was pretty poor, IIRC hitting +3 dB at 40 Hz in the best case.  I suspect my problem here is simply one of geometry.  I don't know horn theory too well yet, but I imagine I need either a longer slot length or greater exit area than I can accommodate without giving up valuable internal volume.

 

From memory of my reading on PPSL, the decrease in resonant frequency (of the drivers - and therefore the box?) and the increase/peak towards the top end of the band/range are both features seen in PPSL boxes.

 

Again IIRC, the depth of the slot is the biggest influence on the response range - the bandpass effect of the slot means that only the longer wavelengths escape, so I think that a deeper slot reduces where the peak in response falls, if I have the slightest clue what I'm talking about (which is not guaranteed... :P lol).  I'm not sure if a deeper slot reduces the resonant frequency or not, though?

 

 

WRT to the thoughts about differences in slot width/geometry due to the exact excursion of the drivers at any given time, is it really an issue?  (Not a rhetorical/sarcastic question because I honestly don't know!)  As I sit here and ponder on it now, surely any horn-type arrangement will have differing geometry at any given driver excursion?  i.e. a driver at rest will have, say 2" from the cone edge to the face of the internal wall opposite, which will increase and decrease as the driver moves back and forth in its range? giving a differing pressure experienced in the area between the cone and the wall as the driver moves back and forth?

 

I'm not really sure where I'm going with this train of thought TBH...  :lol: lol

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The drivers facing each other version sounds like the way a PPSL is modelled. AIUI this is generally described as an OD so S1-S2 forming the rear of the slot and S2-S3 the front of it. This means you'd set S1-3 to some constant value according to the area of the slot and set the lengths accordingly, set to a sealed back chamber and use Vrc/Lrc as usual to define the size of it.

 

Hmm.  I can give this variation a try, but I don't expect results compelling enough to change my plan.  Dunno.  Actually, leaving the slot open at the rear of the cabinet but putting it against the wall may help to effectively lengthen the slot by quite a bit, so maybe I should include that as a separate horn segment as well.  By OD, do you mean omni-directional?  I'm not sure how to configure Hornresp this way, but I'll put some more time in and see if I can figure it out.

 

Thanks.

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Hmm.  I can give this variation a try, but I don't expect results compelling enough to change my plan.  Dunno.  Actually, leaving the slot open at the rear of the cabinet but putting it against the wall may help to effectively lengthen the slot by quite a bit, so maybe I should include that as a separate horn segment as well.  By OD, do you mean omni-directional?  I'm not sure how to configure Hornresp this way, but I'll put some more time in and see if I can figure it out.

 

Thanks.

go to Driver Arrangement (Ctrl+D) and change the dropdown to Offset Driver OD

 

there's a good summary of the options here -> http://www.hometheatershack.com/forums/diy-subwoofers-general-discussion/36532-hornresp-dum-hmm-everyone.html

 

I don't think this is comprehensive for all the options hornresp has today but I found it useful for understanding what the different params in hornresp correspond to in different arrangements

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WRT to the thoughts about differences in slot width/geometry due to the exact excursion of the drivers at any given time, is it really an issue?  (Not a rhetorical/sarcastic question because I honestly don't know!)  As I sit here and ponder on it now, surely any horn-type arrangement will have differing geometry at any given driver excursion?  i.e. a driver at rest will have, say 2" from the cone edge to the face of the internal wall opposite, which will increase and decrease as the driver moves back and forth in its range? giving a differing pressure experienced in the area between the cone and the wall as the driver moves back and forth?

 

By my theoretical reasoning, yes.  Measurements would be helpful to confirm its existence, but it won't really show up as IMD without using multi-tone test signals.  The severity will depend a lot on the specific design though.  The narrower the region that the drivers fire into, the greater the effect will likely be as the slot size modulation is much greater as a percentage, and of course it depends on actual excursion required for the SPL you want.  Sealed boxes are likely to suffer more than ported boxes at the same SPL (and above the tuning frequency) because the sealed will need more excursion.

 

Yes, I can see this being a potential problem with a lot of horn designs, but mid and high frequency horns are probably more immune as they just don't involve much excursion anyway.  Likewise, I doubt you're going to encounter distortion from the M.A.U.L. unless the drivers are moving a lot.  So for example, a 30 Hz tone playing at, say, > 125 dB at 2m GP may cause any mid bass played at the same time to sound yucky and distorted.  (I'm taking some liberties with numbers here as I don't know what actual excursions are involved).  Is that an issue?  Surely the answer depends on the application.  In your living room or car, perhaps not if you aren't pushing it to extreme levels.  In a pro-sound setting, you might be playing to an audience at 20m away, and it could come into play.

 

Then there's the whole messy problem of how much distortion of what kind is audible.  The correct answer is that it depends.  It depends a lot on the linear distortion characteristics (acoustics) of the listening environment, on the content, and on the nature of the distortion.  Even small amounts of distortion can be very audible under the right (or wrong) circumstances, but this might only be the case 1% of the time with real content.  That 1% might matter though if the distortion is especially offensive.  I also wouldn't be surprised to learn that distortion has greater impact on transient content, which again may make it less relevant if your room acoustics are still doing greater damage to the sound.  It's way too complicated to figure out how much some particular distortion matters and much easier to make a best effort to avoid it where possible.

 

Edit: I just looked at the M.A.U.L. CEA results and distortion data, and it looks like the thing may still be a long way from excursion limits when the amp taps out at 30 Hz.  The distortion is a bit high there, but that is most likely because of the high acoustic amplification of the 2nd and 3rd harmonic from the horn loading.  So it might sound fine with 125 dB @ 30 Hz @ 2m GP.  Nevertheless, if one were to upgrade the amp and wanted to get every last dB out of the thing, the IMD problem could prove to be the biggest issue.  (It's also possible that IMD from the driver itself could be a major problem, for example if inductance is especially non-linear in stroke or current).

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My drivers have shipped!  I'm not sure yet if I'll get them Friday, but they are definitely on their way.

 

go to Driver Arrangement (Ctrl+D) and change the dropdown to Offset Driver OD

 

there's a good summary of the options here -> http://www.hometheatershack.com/forums/diy-subwoofers-general-discussion/36532-hornresp-dum-hmm-everyone.html

 

I don't think this is comprehensive for all the options hornresp has today but I found it useful for understanding what the different params in hornresp correspond to in different arrangements

 

Hey, thanks.  I actually read the beginning of that tutorial but didn't realize the info I needed was further down.

 

I did some additional simulations using the offset drivers option a week ago.  I already forgot most of the details, but I think I will stick with my original design of just a standard D.O. box and 6-7" driver clearance beside the racks.  The additional simulations I did gave me more confidence.  I may choose to divide the air space with a barrier, just in case they show any tendency to move out of phase.

 

My plan is to finish the cabinets with Duratex but aiming for a smooth matte finish to match the rack cabinets.  I saw a DIY thread on how to do this finish somewhere, but I don't remember where right now.  I just know it's do-able and is what I want.

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